Momento de considerar otras arbovirosis luego del virus mayaro / Time to Consider Other Arbovirus Diseases after mayaro Virus

Introducción: En los últimos años, debido a los movimientos migratorios, se ha desarrollado una expansión de nuevas enfermedades, como chikungunya, zika, oropuche y mayaro. Caso clínico: Paciente que manifestaba síntomas de fiebre, cefalea y artralgias persistente. Después de un arduo estudio y eliminación de otras patologías se llega al diagnóstico de virus mayaro. El paciente residía en una zona nororiental del Perú. Se brindó tratamiento de soporte junto con hidratación, paracetamol 500 mg cada 8 horas y se indicó cita diaria para evaluación. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente a los pocos días. Conclusiones: La vigilancia, las pruebas y el control vectorial siguen siendo claves para prevenir la propagación de este tipo de virus. La posibilidad de que el virus mayaro se urbanice aún más. Se debe tener siempre en cuenta el diagnóstico diferencial de virus mayaro(AU)

Introduction: In recent years, due to migratory movements, an expansion of new diseases has developed, such as chikungunya, zika, oropuche and mayaro. Clinical case: Patient with the following symptoms: fever, headache and persistent arthralgia. After an arduous study and ruling out other possible diseases, we diagnose mayaro virus. The patient resided in a northeastern part of Peru. Supportive treatment was provided along with hydration; paracetamol 500 mg every 8 hours and daily appointment for evaluation was indicated. The patient evolved favorably within a few days. Conclusions: Surveillance, testing and vector control are still key to monitoring and preventing the spread of this type of virus. The possibility of mayaro virus becoming more urbanized is worthy of attention. The differential diagnosis of mayaro virus should always be considered(AU)

Fiebre de Chikungunya: enfermedad infrecuente como emergencia médica en Cuba / Chikungunya fever: uncommon disease as a medical emergency in Cuba

Debido a la emergencia en el Caribe por fiebre de Chikungunya, y teniendo en cuenta que no tiene antecedentes en Cuba, además de la situación entomológica que presenta la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, donde existen vectores transmisores de enfermedades, tales como mosquitos Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus; se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, para contribuir a la actualización sobre el tema de toda la comunidad médica de la provincia.

Due to the emergency in the Caribbean caused by Chikungunya fever, and keeping in mind that it has no history in Cuba, besides the entomological situation that presents Santiago de Cuba province, where vectors transmitting diseases exist, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, an exhaustive literature review was carried out, to contribute to the updating on the topic of the whole medical community from the province.

Preparação e resposta à introdução do vírus Chikungunya no Brasil / Preparation and response to introduction of Chikungunya virus in Brazil / Preparación y respuesta a la introducción del virus Chikungunya en Brasil

O CHIKV é um vírus RNA que pertence ao gênero Alphavírus da família Togaviridae. O nome chikungunya deriva de uma palavra em Makonde que significa aproximadamente “aqueles que se dobram”, descrevendo a aparência encurvada de pacientes que sofrem de artralgia intensa. Casos humanos com febre, exantema e artrite aparentando ser CHIKV foram relatados no início de 1770. Porém, o vírus não foi isolado do soro humano ou de mosquitos até a epidemia na Tanzânia de 1952-53. Outros surtos ocorreram subsequentemente na África e na Ásia. Muitos ocorreram em pequenas comunidades ou comunidades rurais. No entanto,na Ásia, cepas de CHIKV foram isoladas durante grandes surtos urbanos em Bangkok eTailândia em 1960 e em Calcutá e Vellore, na Índia, durante as décadas de 60 e 70.

Why do we need alternative tools to control mosquito-borne diseases in Latin America?

In this opinion paper, we discuss the potential and challenges of using the symbiont Wolbachia to block mosquito transmitted diseases such as dengue, malaria and chikungunya in Latin America.

Chikungunya virus infection: report of the first case diagnosed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Infecção pelo virus Chikungunya: relato do primeiro caso diagnosticado no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Initially diagnosed in Africa and Asia, the Chikungunya virus has been detected in the last three years in the Caribbean, Italy, France, and the United States of America. Herein, we report the first case for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2010.

Antes diagnosticado na África e na Ásia, o vírus Chikungunya foi detectado nos últimos três anos, no Caribe, na Itália, na França e nos Estados Unidos. Relatamos o primeiro caso do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 2010.

Preparación y respuesta ante la eventual introducción del virus chikungunya en las Américas / Preparation and response to the eventual introduction of the virus Chikungunya in the Americas

Las siguientes guías fueron concebidas para ser adaptadas por cada País Miembro para mejorar los conocimientos sobre esta amenaza y para brindar las herramientas necesarias que permitan establecer las estrategias más adecuada para prevenir la importación de CHIKV a la Región, o para su control. Proporcionan orientación sobre cómo detectar un brote de la enfermedad, desarrollar las investigaciones epidemiológicas y prevenir o mitigar la diseminación de la enfermedad en la Región. Alentamos a las personas involucradas en la aplicación de estas guías a tener en cuenta todos los conocimientos disponibles y la capacidad propia de cada país para afrontar la eventual introducción del CHIKV. Se deben tomar medidas cuanto antes para poner en marcha las acciones necesarias para disminuir el impacto que este nuevo arbovirus que puede existir en nuestra Región.

Outbreak of dengue chikungunya in republic of Yemen

As of 12 March 2011, the Ministry of Public Health in Yemen has reported over 15,000 suspected cases of Chikugunya and dengue fevers from Al-Hodeida Governorate. 104 of the cases were fatal. The outbreak seems to have started in September 2010. Chikungunya was first laboratory confirmed on 15 December 2010. The Ministry of Health and Population, World Health Organization and NAMRU-3 have responded and control measures have been put in place

Sub-regional meeting on dengue fever and chikungunya

The WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office organized a sub-regional meeting on dengue fever and chikungunya for the countries of the Red Sea rim from 20-21 August, 2011. The meeting was held in Cairo, Egypt and was attended by 51 participants and 5 organizations. The meeting brought in together, epidemiologists, clinicians, laboratory experts and senior policy and decision makers from the ministries of health and other institutions and a call for action was launched on the concluding day

Community-centred approach for the control of Aedes spp. in a peri-urban zone in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands using temephos.

Background. Chikungunya fever struck the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in July 2006. From the entomological point of view, dengue and chikungunya are hard to control due to the high prevalence of Aedes aegypti in both urban and rural areas. Mobilizing communities for the control of Aedes aegypti has not been attempted in India. Methods. We did a prospective observational feasibility study in one peri-urban locality (Brookshabad) to assess the Aedes spp. infestation and subsequently test the efficacy of a community-based approach to control Aedes aegypti. An Aedes infestation larval survey was done with the assistance of community volunteers using the single larval survey (SLS) technique. House index, container index and Breteau index reflecting the relative prevalence and infestation levels were estimated. Various information, education and communication (IEC) campaign tools were developed to disseminate information about the prevalent situation. Several talks were organized to sensitize and motivate the people to realize the problem and participate in solving it. A two-pronged strategy, viz. environmental management through source reduction and anti-larval campaign using temephos was adopted to combat Aedes infestation through community involvement. Results. A total of 533 water-holding containers were searched for Aedes larvae, both indoors (188/533, 35.3%) and outdoors (345/533, 64.7%) from 104 (104/235, 44.3%) premises. Of these, 109 containers (95% CI 17.19%–24.03%) were found to support Aedes spp. larval breeding (20.45%). The Breteau index was 104.8%. Aedes aegypti predominated followed by Aedes albopictus. The most abundant water-holding containers supporting Aedes breeding were plastic, metal drums and cement tanks. These waterholding containers were targeted for temephos application by the community volunteers. Forty rounds of temephos applications were carried out during the study period. The number of containers supporting Aedes aegypti breeding reduced significantly within 1 month post-intervention by community volunteers. As a result the Breteau and house indices dropped from 104.8% to 2.7% and 44.23% to 2.6%, respectively. Thereafter, the indices remained at zero level till completion of the study. Conclusion. Larval indices indicate that Aedes aegypti is well established in peri-urban Brookshabad. Predominance of this mosquito species indicates infiltration into the peri-urban locality and beginning of displacement of Aedes albopictus. Epidemiologically, 3 categories of water-holding containers, viz. plastic, metal drums and cement tanks facilitate breeding of Aedes aegypti. Consequently, targeted source reduction as one way of selectively attacking the most important types of containers with temephos is feasible. Community involvement and networking with the residents allowed for a communitycentred approach to combat Aedes aegypti infestation. As an outcome of this approach, the larval indices reduced significantly and remained low. We suggest that a control strategy emphasizing the use of temephos through a community-centred approach should be considered for these islands. However, close monitoring of this approach is warranted for long term sustainability

Prevalence of hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralizing antibodies to arboviruses in horses of java.

A study was conducted to measure the prevalence of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibodies against two arboviruses (Chikungunya and Japanese encephalitis virus) in horses of Java, Indonesia. Blood specimens were collected from a sample of 112 horses at two stables: Pulo Mas, a racing track-horse complex, located in a residential area in North Jakarta, and Pamulang, a riding school, located in a rural environment of West Jaya. Sera were tested by the HI assay and plaque reduction neutralization test. JEV antibodies were detected by HI in 58 (52%) of the horses, while only 11 (10%) had Chikungunya antibodies by HI. The proportion of Pamulang horses infected with JEV (66%) was significantly higher than found among Pulo Mas horses (40%) screened (p < 0.01). Of the 58 horses with JEV antibodies by HI, 52 (90%) were found to have specific neutralization antibodies to JEV. HI and neutralization tests on horse sera indicated that the risk to alpha virus infections was minimal in horses surveyed from Java. However, there was a high risk of JEV infection among the same population.